{"id":2574,"date":"2023-10-08T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-08T03:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/?p=2574"},"modified":"2024-03-28T09:17:47","modified_gmt":"2024-03-28T02:17:47","slug":"satellite-dong-thoi-gian-phat-trien-ve-tinh-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/blog\/satellite-dong-thoi-gian-phat-trien-ve-tinh-phan-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Satellite \u2013 D\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n V\u1ec7 tinh (Ph\u1ea7n 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ea7n 2: T\u1eeb L\u1ea7n ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ISS) <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1958 – M\u1ef9 ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Sau l\u1ea7n ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/strong> c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1958 \u2013 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mang t\u00ean Explorer-1<\/strong> v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 02 <\/strong>ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Explorer 1<\/strong> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ph\u00f3ng Sputnik 1, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Explorer 1 (V\u1ec7 tinh do Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m S\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y Ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a NASA thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh) \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Kh\u00f4ng gian Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean Explorer 1 l\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u00f2 tia v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00e0nh \u0111ai b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u1ec7 tinh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean hai th\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00e0nh \u0111ai Van Allen \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 1. V\u1ec7 tinh Explorer 1 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1959 – V\u1ec7 tinh Luna ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1959 – Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ph\u00f3ng Luna-1<\/strong> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1959 – Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ph\u00f3ng Luna-2<\/strong> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c khi n\u00f3 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1959 – Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 Luna-3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh ph\u00eda xa c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 2. V\u1ec7 tinh Luna ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: NASA)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1960 \u2013 V\u1ec7 tinh th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

NASA ph\u00f3ng Tiros-1<\/strong>, v\u1ec7 tinh th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. N\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp m\u00e2y che ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Tiros, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec7 tinh th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft Nimbus.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 3. V\u1ec7 tinh Tiros-1 – v\u1ec7 tinh th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: NASA)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1962 \u2013 V\u1ec7 tinh li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp xuy\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng Telstar-1<\/strong>, m\u1ed9t v\u1ec7 tinh c\u00f3 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ea5p. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n v\u1ec7 tinh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (Intelsat) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u1ec7 tinh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 4. V\u1ec7 tinh li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean – Telstar-1.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: Science photo library)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1962 – Canada ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Alouette 1<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t t\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ly nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u00e1y \u0111o t\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ly. V\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Canada v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 5. V\u1ec7 tinh quan s\u00e1t t\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ly nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Canada – Alouette 1
(Ngu\u1ed3n: NASA)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1962 – Anh ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean – Ariel 1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1964 – \u00dd c\u00f3 v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean – San Marco 1<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1965 – Ph\u00e1p ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ast\u00e9rix <\/strong>hay A-1 (ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 FR.2 ho\u1eb7c FR-2) l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p<\/strong>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1965 b\u1edfi t\u00ean l\u1eeda Diamant A t\u1eeb b\u00e3i ph\u00f3ng CIEES \u1edf Hammaguir, Algeria. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ec7 ph\u00f3ng Diamant, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ly<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 6. V\u1ec7 tinh Ast\u00e9rix, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea7ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ly.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: NASA)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1967 – \u00dac c\u00f3 v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean – WRESAT<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1969 – \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean – Azur<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1970 – Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u014csumi (hay Ohsumi)<\/strong> l\u00e0 v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11\/2\/1970 b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Lambda 4S-5 t\u1eeb Trung t\u00e2m V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Uchinoura b\u1edfi Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo, hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan Th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m H\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n (JAXA<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9 05 <\/strong>sau Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Hoa K\u1ef3, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Canada t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u014csumi \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Kagoshima, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00e3i ph\u00f3ng. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 7. V\u1ec7 tinh th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n – \u014csumi.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: JAXA)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1970 \u2013 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed3ng 1<\/strong> hay \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u<\/strong> \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Chinh, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9 06 <\/strong>ph\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng sau Li\u00ean X\u00f4, Hoa K\u1ef3, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec1n H\u1ecdc S\u00e2m, hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng n\u0103m v\u1ec7 tinh gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 8. V\u1ec7 tinh \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u1ed3ng 1 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: Wiki)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1971 \u2013 Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Li\u00ean X\u00f4 ph\u00f3ng tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Salyut 1<\/strong>. N\u00f3 nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i. Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ecf hoang. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Salyut ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 9. Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Salyut 1.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: NASA)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1990 \u2013 K\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng Kh\u00f4ng gian Hubble<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

K\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng gian Hubble<\/strong> (ti\u1ebfng Anh: Hubble Space Telescope<\/strong>, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft HST) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a NASA. Hubble <\/strong>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 cao kho\u1ea3ng 610 km<\/strong>, cao h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng 220 km <\/strong>so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cao qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ISS<\/strong>. V\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 di chuy\u1ec3n kho\u1ea3ng 7500 m\/s, Hubble c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay 1 v\u00f2ng quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi gian 97 ph\u00fat v\u00e0 15 l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. K\u00ednh Hubble mang t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t g\u01b0\u01a1ng thu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 240 cm<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hubble \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn, c\u1ef1c t\u00edm (UV) v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1eadn h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tr\u00ean Hubble \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u00e0i kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t Hubble d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u1eefa. Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh s\u1eafc n\u00e9t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a V\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 10. K\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng gian Hubble.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: NASA)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n
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H\u00ecnh 11. C\u1ee5m thi\u00ean h\u00e0 Abell S0740, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta 463 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean h\u00e0 kh\u00e1c quay quanh n\u00f3. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p b\u1edfi K\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng Kh\u00f4ng gian Hubble.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: NASA)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1994 – Ch\u00f2m sao GPS \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (GPS constellation)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00f2m sao h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (GPS) \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m 24 v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. GPS l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb v\u1ec7 tinh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian, cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian trong m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 12. Minh h\u1ecda h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng GPS \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: Wiki)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

N\u0103m 1998 – Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong> hay Tr\u1ea1m Kh\u00f4ng gian Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong> (ti\u1ebfng Anh: International Space Station<\/strong>, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft: ISS) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea7m th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a 05 <\/strong>c\u01a1 quan kh\u00f4ng gian: NASA <\/strong>(Hoa K\u1ef3), RKA <\/strong>(Nga), JAXA <\/strong>(Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n), CSA <\/strong>(Canada) v\u00e0 10 trong 17 <\/strong>n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ESA <\/strong>(ch\u00e2u \u00c2u).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t hai d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu kinh ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 T\u1ef1 do (Freedom) <\/strong>c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh 2 (Mir-2)<\/strong> c\u1ee7a Nga. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Nga \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un Columbus<\/strong> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch) v\u00e0 m\u00f4-\u0111un th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m<\/strong> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 13. Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ISS)
(Ngu\u1ed3n: NASA, Wiki)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Do qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf <\/strong>tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea7m th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t<\/strong> (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o LEO – Low Earth Orbit<\/strong>), \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 400 km, tr\u1ea1m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi r\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu t\u1ed1t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t ISS t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. ISS di chuy\u1ec3n trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 27.743,8 km\/gi\u1edd, \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi 15,79 l\u1ea7n bay quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n

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H\u00ecnh 14. H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ISS v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000: t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i, Unity, Zarya, v\u00e0 m\u00f4-\u0111un Zvezda. \u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb t\u00e0u con thoi Atlantis c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9.
(Ngu\u1ed3n: Wiki)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

Theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2011<\/strong> v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2016<\/strong>. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2007<\/strong>, ISS <\/strong>\u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t <\/strong>trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft th\u00fac Ph\u1ea7n 2, \u0111\u00f3n ch\u1edd Ph\u1ea7n 3 trong c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a OpenGIS.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. NASA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. JAXA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Wiki.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Sciencelearn.org.nz.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Ph\u1ea7n 2: T\u1eeb L\u1ea7n ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ISS) N\u0103m 1958 – M\u1ef9 ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o… <\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2603,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,61],"tags":[73,53,10,16,11],"class_list":["post-2574","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vien-tham-share","category-ve-tinh","tag-iss","tag-quan-sat-trai-dat","tag-remote-sensing","tag-ve-tinh","tag-vien-tham"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2574","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2574"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2574\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3853,"href":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2574\/revisions\/3853"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2603"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2574"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2574"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opengis.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2574"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}